The present article proceeds in three parts: first, I describe George F. Hourani's approach and its continued relevance in the study of Islamic ethics. Next, I demonstrate the weaknesses of Hourani's approach, particularly his commitment to mapping Islamic thought anachronistically onto a menu of “isms” derived from modern ethical theory. To highlight the urgency of reexamining Hourani's approach and influence, I also demonstrate how scholars' continued reliance upon Hourani perpetuates the limitations of his approach in the study of Islamic ethics (...) today. Finally, I call attention to the ongoing efforts of scholars in the study of Islamic ethics to do better. I conclude that if Islamic ethics is to thrive, the field must reexamine its reliance on Hourani. (shrink)

Even though there is ample evidence from the sentence- comprehension literature for specialized working memory systems in normal and patient populations, some open questions remain. One of them is an explanation for a missing “post-interpretive” processing deficit in a variety of accuracy-judgment tasks in an aphasic patient with a severe verbal working memory problem.

This paper describes the perspectives of stakeholders within the North American dairy industry on key issues affecting the welfare of dairy cattle. Five heterogeneous focus groups were held during a dairy cattle welfare meeting in Guelph, Canada in October 2012. Each group contained between 7 and 10 participants and consisted of a mix of dairy producers, veterinarians, academics, students, and dairy industry specialists. The 1-h facilitated discussions were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Content analysis of the resulting transcripts showed that participants (...) across all stakeholder categories identified lameness as the most important welfare issue facing dairy cattle. Other prominent issues of concern included cow comfort, disease, on-farm mortality, stockmanship, painful procedures, injuries, cull cow management, calf management, and restriction of behavioural freedoms. Participants typically gave several reasons for why they considered issues problematic. Underlying reasons were grouped according to animal-centered concerns [at both the individual and at the herd level ] and industry-centered concerns . This analysis identified areas of shared concern among diverse stakeholder groups, which should aid in the development of standards and policies that satisfy stakeholders within and external to the dairy industry. (shrink)

This bilingual volume—English and German on facing pages—brings together the writings Wittgenstein composed during his stay in Dublin between October 1948 and March 1949, one of his most fruitful periods. He later drew more than half of his remarks for Part II of Philosophical Investigations from this Dublin manuscript. A direct continuation of the writing that makes up the two volumes of Remarks on the Philosophy of Psychology, this collection offers scholars a glimpse of Wittgenstein's preliminary thinking on one of (...) his most important works. G. H. von Wright and Heikki Nyman both teach at the University of Helsinki. (shrink)

De Muralt's ambition is to carry out such 'historical' inquiries in the form of a structural analysis of philosophy, which he regards as a rigorous philosophical discipline - that is, as a science.

The contributions in this volume treat aspects and manifestations of this cultural symbiosis, and they throw new light on authors and texts both more and less ...

Background: Only data of published study results are available to the scientific community for further use such as informing future research and synthesis of available evidence. If study results are reported selectively, reporting bias and distortion of summarised estimates of effect or harm of treatments can occur. The publication and citation of results of clinical research conducted in Germany was studied.Methods: The protocols of clinical research projects submitted to the research ethics committee of the University of Freiburg in 2000 were (...) analysed. Published full articles in several databases were searched and investigators contacted. Data on study and publication characteristics were extracted from protocols and corresponding publications.Results: 299 study protocols were included. The most frequent study design was randomised controlled trial , followed by uncontrolled studies , laboratory studies and non-randomised studies . 182 were multicentre studies including 97 international collaborations. 152 of 299 had commercial funding and 46 non-commercial funding. 109 of the 225 completed protocols corresponded to at least one full publication ; the publication rate was 48%. 168 of 210 identified publications were cited in articles indexed in the ISI Web of Science. The median was 11 citations per publication .Conclusions: Results of German clinical research projects conducted are largely underreported. Barriers to successful publication need to be identified and appropriate measures taken. Close monitoring of projects until publication and adequate support provided to investigators may help remedy the prevailing underreporting of research. (shrink)

Many of the most serious crimes that fall within the justificatory scope of the harm principle do so constitutively. They do so in the sense that the harm that the crime is designed to prevent is a...

This paper explores the Offence Principle. It discusses whether two constraints, additional to the criteria stated in conventional analysis, ought to be met before the Offense Principle can be satisfied: (i) that offensive conduct must be a wrong, and (ii) that the conduct must also lead to harm. The nature of the Harm Principle, and its relationship to the Offense Principle, are also considered. The paper suggests that, even if all cases in which offense should be criminalized also involve harm, (...) nonetheless there may be good reasons to retain a separate Offense Principle. (shrink)

ZusammenfassungDie Arbeit enthält Bemerkungen über den Intuitionismus and über seine Beziehungen zu anderen Gebieten der Grundlagenforschung. Innerhalb der intuitionistischen Mathematik werden, im Anschluss an die Kritik von Griss gegen den Gebrauch der Negation, Evidenzstufen unterschieden, abhängend von der Art, in der bedingte Konstruktionen zugelassen werden. Auch werden gewisse Schwierigkeiten in der Theorie der endlichen Spezies diskutiert. Was die Grundlagenforschung im Aligemeinen betrifft, wird bemerkt, dass sie die klassische Mathematik weitgehend in ihre intuitiven, formalen and platonischen Bestandteile zerlegt hat. Es wird (...) näher eingegangen auf die These von Church in der Theorie der rekursiven Funktionen.RésuméL'article contient des remarques sur l'intuitionisme et sur ses rapports avec les autres directions dans la recherche des fondements. Dans la mathématique intuitioniste, et en connexion avec la critique de Griss contre l'usage de la négation, on distingue des degrés d'évidence, dépendant de l'espèce de constructions conditionnées qui est admise. En outre, on discute certaines difficultés dans la théorie des espèces finies. Concernant la recherche des fondements en général, on remarque que les mathématiques classiques ont été scindées en leurs éléments intuitifs, formels et platonistes. Quelques remarques sur la thèse de Church dans la théorie des fonctions récursives terminent l'article.The paper contains remarks on intuitionism and its relations with other domains of foundational research. Inside the intuitionistic mathematics, in connection with Griss' criticism against the use of negation, different degrees of evidence are distinguished, depending upon the way in which conditioned constructions are admitted. Some difficulties in the theory of finite species are discussed. Concerning the foundational research in general it is observed that it has separated intuitive, formal and platonistic constituents in classical mathematics. Some remarks are made on Church's thesis in the theory of recursive functions. (shrink)

RésuméCette étude présente en quelque sorte le bilan des recherches de l'auteur, et en explicite le principe d'intelligibilité. Les thèmes abordés sont aussi divers que les dimensions de la philosophie elle‐même; le principe en est l'analyse des structures de pensée, c'est‐à‐dire une méthode permettant de dégager l'intelligibilité des choses qui se présentent à l'expérience humaine, en en ordonnant les éléments empiriques. Or, c'est la philosophie qui révèle l'intelligibilité des choses. La méthode d'analyse des structures de pensée permet donc de comprendre (...) aussi bien la diversité des choses que la spécificité des doctrines, en ordonnant les premières à leurs causes premières et les secondes en un système intelligible, dont les éléments, les doctrines spécifiques, se répondent les unes aux autres et s'ordonnent à une structure d'intelligibilité première, participée par chacune et indissociable du système qu'elle constitue avec toutes.Le projet est ambitieux; le principe en est d'une extrême simplicité. Il réside dans le fait empiriquement incontestable des questions premieres de l'intellect humain, auxquelles répondent la pluralité des causes. L'analyse des structures de pensée est donc une méthode d'induction causale, qui prend un tour spécifique selon l'ordre qu'elle institue entre les causes: causalité réciproque de causes totales, ou causalité concourante non réciproque de causes partielles. Le premier ordre détermine la structure de pensée aristotélicienne; le second, la structure de pensée scotiste. Le passage de l'un à l'autre est la révolution doctrinale la plus importante que l'Occident ait vécue, la seule véritable à proprement parler, puisqu'elle commande le courant dominant de la philosophie occidentale jusqu'à nos jours. On s'en rend bien compte en suivant les implications de la structure de pensée scotiste dans les cas examines ici: composition de la substance, intellection, volition, relation de la toute‐puissance divine et de la puissance active créée. (shrink)

We discuss and respond to the contributions of Tatjana Hörnle, John Kleinig, and John Stanton-Ife, and clarify some aspects of the arguments made in Crimes, Harms, and Wrongs.

The introductory ode of Horace's fourth book has been given comparatively little critical attention, although it might have been expected to arouse exceptional interest, being the first-fruits of the lyricist's autumnal harvest. The neglect is due partly to the poem's deceptive simplicity but much more to the unease which it arouses in Horace's admirers: Venus does not seem the most fitting deity for the poet laureate to invoke, and moreover this is not so much an invocation as an appeal to (...) be left alone; the young man who is the subject of Horace's eulogy was hardly a person of much eminence at the time of writing, though he became prominent later and is now prosopographically well endowed; above all, there is the disturbing picture of the elderly poet testily acknowledging an amorous urge and surrendering his dignity in pederastic dreams. (shrink)

Probably no Greek tragedy has proved as rich a source of perplexity, theory, and debate as the Antigone. A number of the formidable problems which various critics have seen in the play emerge from the two watchman scenes and the great ode which separates them. It will be argued here that these difficulties are the result of certain radical misunderstandings and are capable of straightforward solution.

What is the dry garment which Sceparnio offers to the sea-soaked Charmides? First of all, there is doubt about the spelling of the word. The Palatine tradition is tigillum, though T has tixillum; the Ambrosian palimpsest is provokingly defective at this point and Studemund was unable to determine whether the vowel is e or i. Since the beginning of the sixteenth century editors have chosen to print tegillum, being influenced by notes preserved in the collections of two grammarians—Nonius and Paulus. (...) I quote these from Lindsay's Teubner editions. (shrink)

2020 CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title In this book, Philipp von Wussow argues that the philosophical project of Leo Strauss must be located in the intersection of culture, religion, and the political. Based on archival research on the philosophy of Strauss, von Wussow provides in-depth interpretations of key texts and their larger theoretical contexts. Presenting the necessary background in German-Jewish philosophy of the interwar period, von Wussow then offers detailed accounts and comprehensive interpretations of Strauss's early masterwork, Philosophy and Law, his (...) wartime lecture "German Nihilism," the sources and the scope of Strauss's critique of modern "relativism," and a close commentary on the late text "Jerusalem and Athens." With its rare blend of close reading and larger perspectives, this book is valuable for students of political philosophy, continental thought, and twentieth-century Jewish philosophy alike. It is indispensable as a guide to Strauss's philosophical project, as well as to some of the most intricate details of his writings. (shrink)

Purpose: Commenting on the transcript of a lecture. Findings: The document reconstructs the development of the original 1973 lecture by Heinz von Foerster into his best-known paper, On Constructing a Reality. Many aspects of that paper can be identified as being shaped through interaction with the audience. Implications: The lecture documented here was a forerunner of a central paper in constructivism.

The Art of Power offers up a challenge to traditional political theory. Diego A. von Vacano provides original interpretations of Machiavelli's oeuvre and of Nietzsche's relationship to politics.